Page Turners = 扣人心弦的读物
Page Turners Land = 一处拥有众多令人爱不释手书籍的地方
1 A Tour of the World‘s Literature
“阅”游世界
Basemap - Blank Outline Map of World (Greece/Ancient Greece)
世界地图（希腊/古希腊）线稿示意图
*The basemap may not reflect National Geographic’s current map policy.
KEY WORDS本期关键词
Myth · Epic · Tragedy · Comedy
神话 ·史诗 · 悲剧 ·喜剧
I. Greek Mythology Genealogy (Diagram)
希腊神话家谱（示意图）
首先让我们来看一张希腊神话“家谱”示意图，大致了解一下希腊神话里的人物。
II. Epic and Drama
史诗与戏剧
Archaic Greece
古风时期
Almost everyone knows the story of Helen of Troy or has heard the phrase,“the face that launched a thousand ships.”The ‘trojan horse’ is also a common reference in Western culture and yet has anyone actually read these books? ( Including but not limited to Chinese, English, Latin and ancient Greek versions. )
大家都知道“特洛伊的海伦”的故事（源自荷马史诗《伊利亚特》的希腊神话故事），或者听说过这样的词句：“倾国倾城”（源自故事“特洛伊的海伦”）。“特洛伊木马”也是西方文化中一个常见的提法。然而“人人知道荷马，但是谁真正读过呢”？（包括但不限于中文版、英文版、拉丁文版、古希腊原文版）
There is a troubadour who travels from village to village singing. What did he sing? A historical story passed down by the people.
有一位游吟诗人，一村一村地游唱唱什么？民间流传的历史故事这位就是世界四大诗人之首：
⭐Homer 荷马 （Ancient Greece 古希腊）
⭐Dante 但丁（Italy 意大利）
⭐Shakespeare 莎士比亚（Great Britain英国）
⭐Goethe 歌德（Germany德国）
The Iliad
《伊利亚特》
“伊利亚特”是音译，可理解为“一系列的战绩”
“The Iliad is the first and the greatest literary achievement of Greek civilisation - an epic poem without rival in the literature of the world, and the cornerstone of Western culture. The story of the Iliad centres on the critical events in the last year of the Trojan War, which lead to Achilleus' killing of Hektor and determine the fate of Troy. But Homer's theme is not simply war or heroism. With compassion and humanity, he presents a universal and tragic view of the world, of human life lived under the shadow of suffering and death, set against a vast and largely unpitying divine background. The Iliad is the first of the great tragedies.”
《伊利亚特》是希腊文明的第一个也是最伟大的文学成就--是世界文学中无可匹敌的史诗，也是西方文化的奠基石。故事以特洛伊战争最后一年的关键事件为中心，这些事件导致阿基里厄斯杀死了赫克托尔，并决定了特洛伊的命运。但荷马的主题并不是简单的战争或英雄主义。他以同情心和人性，展现了一个普遍而悲惨的世界观，展现了生活在苦难和死亡阴影下的人类生活，其背景是一个巨大的且基本上没有同情心的神性背景。
The Odyssey
《奥德赛》
“奥德赛”也是音译，可理解成“漫长而曲折的旅程”
“Odyssey, epic poem in 24 books traditionally attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer. The poem is the story of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, who wanders for 10 years trying to get home after the Trojan War (although the action of the poem covers only the final six weeks) . On his return, he is recognized only by his faithful dog and a nurse. With the help of his son, he reestablishes himself in his kingdom.”
《奥德赛》传统上归属于古希腊诗人荷马的24卷史诗。这首诗讲述了伊萨卡国王奥德修斯的故事，他在特洛伊战争后漂泊了10年后决定回家（尽管这首诗的情节只涉及最后的6个星期）。当他回来时，只有他忠实的狗和一个护士认出了他，之后在他的儿子忒勒马科斯的帮助下重新建立了自己的王国。
大家还得知道一位， 是与荷马同时代但更年轻的叙事诗人，约迟荷马一百年，但他不写英雄，他写农民与平民。他的名字叫做赫西俄德（Hesiod, c.750 - c.650 BCE）。
Works and Days
《工作与时日》
“Works and Daysis an epic poem credited to the 8th-century BCE Greek poet Hesiod. Works and Days is a tribute to the benefits of a life devoted to work and prudence. In the poem, Hesiod speaks directly to his brother Perses on how to conduct his life (a brother who had taken a larger share of their inheritance).”
《工作与时日》是一首史诗，是公元前8世纪的希腊诗人赫西俄德的作品。《工作与时日》是对致力于工作和谨慎的生活的好处的赞美。在这首诗中，赫西俄德直接向他的兄弟佩塞斯讲述了如何进行他的生活，（这个兄弟在他们的遗产中占据了较大份额）。
Classical Greece
古典希腊时期
DRAMA戏剧时代开启，首先来说说GREEK TRAGEDY古希腊悲剧，古希腊最伟大的三位悲剧代表作家出现了！他们分别是：老大 Aeschylus 埃斯库罗斯、老二 Sophocles 索福克勒斯、老三 Euripides 欧里庇德斯。
Aeschylus 埃斯库罗斯
c.525 - c.455 BCE
Prometheus Bound
《被缚的普罗米修斯》
“One of the greatest of the classical Greek dramas, based on the Greek legend of the Titan demi-god who, against the will of Zeus, stole fire from the gods for the benefit of man. His terrible punishment by Zeus, and his continuing defiance of Zeus in the face of that punishment, remain universal symbols of man’s vulnerability in any struggle with the gods. ”
古典希腊戏剧中最伟大的作品之一，基于泰坦半神的希腊传说，他违背宙斯的意愿，为了人类的利益从众神那里偷走了火。他受到宙斯的可怕惩罚，以及他在惩罚面前继续蔑视宙斯的行为，仍然是人类在与众神的任何斗争中的脆弱的普遍象征。
Sophocles 索福克勒斯
c.497 - c. 405 BCE
Oedipus the King
《俄狄浦斯王》
“A great masterpiece on which Aristotle based his aesthetic theory of drama in the Poetics and from which Freud derived the Oedipus complex, King Oedipus puts out a sentence on the unknown murderer of his father Laius. By a gradual unfolding of incidents, Oedipus learns that he was the assassin and that Jocasta, his wife, is also his mother.”
这是一部伟大的杰作，亚里士多德在《诗学》中的戏剧美学理论是以它为基础的，弗洛伊德从它那里得到了俄狄浦斯情结，俄狄浦斯国王对杀害他父亲拉伊奥斯的未知凶手进行了判决。通过一系列事件的逐步展开，俄狄浦斯了解到他是刺客，他的妻子约卡斯塔也是他的母亲。
Euripides 欧里庇德斯
c.480 - c. 406 BCE
Medea
《美狄亚》
“One of the most powerful and enduring of Greek tragedies, Medea centers on the myth of Jason, leader of the Argonauts, who has won the dragon-guarded treasure of the Golden Fleece with the help of the sorceress Medea. Having married Medea and fathered her two children, Jason abandons her for a more favorable match, never suspecting the terrible revenge she will take.”
《美狄亚》是希腊悲剧中最有力、最持久的作品之一，其核心是阿戈纳人的领袖伊阿宋的神话，他在女巫美狄亚的帮助下赢得了由龙守护的金羊毛财宝。在与美狄亚结婚并为她生下两个孩子后，伊阿宋为了一个更有利的对象而抛弃了她，但他从未怀疑过她会进行可怕的报复。
在这一时期，当然也出现了CLASSICAL COMEDY 喜剧代表作家。雅典的三大喜剧诗人，唯有一位传下了一些完整的作品（据说现存11个剧本），他就是被称为“喜剧之父”阿里斯托芬。
Aristophanes 阿里斯托芬
c.446 - c.386 BCE
The Frogs
《蛙》
"Ko-ax, ko-ax, ko-ax! Now listen, you musical twerps, I don't give a damn for your burps!"A biting comedy from the great Ancient Greek playwright.
”现在听着，你们这些音乐讨厌鬼。我才不管你们的打嗝呢！“这是来自伟大的古希腊剧作家的一部辛辣的喜剧。
Hellenistic Greece
希腊化时期
古希腊新喜剧诗人，风格摆脱了幻想，生于雅典，贵族出身。
Menander 米南德
c.341 - c.290 BCE
Plays and Fragments
“Menander’s writings are concerned with domestic catastrophes, the hazards of love and the trials of family life. Written in a poetic style regarded by the ancients as second only to Homer, these polished works profoundly influential upon both Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence, and the wider Western tradition may be regarded as the first true comedies of manners.”
米南德的作品关注家庭灾难、爱情的危险和家庭生活的考验。这些作品以古人认为仅次于荷马的诗意风格写成，对普劳图斯和特伦斯等罗马剧作家以及更广泛的西方传统产生了深远影响，可被视为第一部真正的礼仪喜剧。
还有一位宗旨是达到不受干扰的宁静状态，并要学会快乐的古希腊哲学家：
Epicurus 伊壁鸠鲁
341 - 270 BCE
The Art of Happiness
“The brilliant writings of a highly influential Greek philosopher. The teachings of Epicurus—about life and death，physical sensation, happiness, morality, and friendship. Epicurus counts among his many admirers Thomas Hobbes, Thomas Jefferson, Karl Marx, and Isaac Newton.
这是一位极具影响力的希腊哲学家的精彩著作。伊壁鸠鲁的教学——-关于生与死，关于身体的感觉、幸福、道德和友谊。伊壁鸠鲁许多崇拜者中包括托马斯·霍布斯、托马斯·杰斐逊、卡尔·马克思和艾萨克·牛顿。
2 A Tour of the Chinese Literature
“阅”历九州
Ancient Greek Studies in China
在中国的古希腊研究
"In 1908, Kang Youwei (1858-1927), who was in exile due to the failure of the Hundred Days Reform, traveled to Greece and wrote his Travels in Greece. In his travelogue, he not only described in detail such famous places as the Acropolis, the Temple of Aphrodite on the Acropolis and the Palace of Achilles on the island of Corfu, but also repeatedly compared the differences between the historical development of ancient Greece (mainly Athens) and that of ancient China. It is still interesting to read today."
“1908年，因戊戌变法失败而流亡的康有为（1858—1927年）到希腊旅行，写下了他的《希腊游记》。在游记中，他不仅详细地描述了雅典卫城、科林斯卫城上的阿佛洛狄忒神庙和科孚岛上的阿喀琉斯宫等名胜古迹，而且多次比较了古代希腊（主要是雅典）与古代中国历史发展的不同之处。今日读来仍饶有趣味。”
"In 1933, Mr. Luo Niansheng (1904-1990) came to Greece to study at the American School of ClassicalStudiesatAthens, becoming the first Chinese student to come to Greece to study classical culture in the field. He became the first Chinese student to study classical culture in Greece. After 1952, he worked as a researcher at Peking University and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. In his later years, he wrote "On Ancient Greek Drama", a systematic account of the characteristics and development of ancient Greek tragedy and comedy for Chinese readers, which is both a popular and intimate monograph on literary theory and an outstanding brief history of ancient Greek drama."
“1933年，罗念生（1904—1990年）先生来到希腊，在美国驻雅典古典学院（American School of ClassicalStudiesatAthens）学习，成为中国第一位来希腊实地学习古典文化的留学生。此后，他笔耕了约半个世纪，译介了大量古希腊的文学作品。1952年后，他先后在北京大学与中国社科院从事研究工作。他晚年所著的《论古希腊戏剧》为中国读者系统梳理了古希腊悲剧与喜剧的特点与发展过程，既是一部通俗亲切的文学理论专著，又是一部杰出的古希腊戏剧简史。”
03 A Tour @Ningbo Library
“阅”在@甬图
Photo from Ningbo New Library
活动最终解释权归宁波图书馆所有。
